According to Wikipedia, traceroute is:

根据维基百科， traceroute是：

a computer network diagnostic tool for displaying the route (path) and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The history of the route is recorded as the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) in the route (path); the sum of the mean times in each hop is a measure of the total time spent to establish the connection. Traceroute proceeds unless all (three) sent packets are lost more than twice, then the connection is lost and the route cannot be evaluated. Ping, on the other hand, only computes the final round-trip times from the destination point.

一种计算机网络诊断工具，用于显示路由(路径)并测量数据包在Internet协议(IP)网络上的传输延迟。 路由的历史记录为从路由(路径)中每个连续主机(远程节点)接收到的数据包的往返时间； 每跳平均时间的总和是建立连接所花费的总时间的度量。 除非所有(三个)发送的数据包丢失两次以上，否则Traceroute继续进行，然后连接丢失，并且无法评估路由。 另一方面，Ping只计算从目标点开始的最终往返时间。

traceroute can be used to find the fastest source to download data from, and is often used by penetration testers to gather information about a network.

traceroute可用于查找最快的来源以从中下载数据，并且渗透测试人员通常使用它来收集有关网络的信息。

数据如何通过互联网传输 (How data travels across the internet)

Each computer on the traceroute is identified by its IP address, or its unique network connection.

跟踪路由上的每台计算机都通过其IP地址或唯一的网络连接进行标识。

- The journey from one computer to another is known as a hop.
- The amount of time it takes to make a hop is measured in milliseconds.
- The information that travels along the traceroute is known as a packet.

Here are some important details about a traceroute:

以下是有关traceroute的一些重要详细信息：

• The path from one computer to another is called a hop
  从一台计算机到另一台计算机的路径称为跃点
• Hops are measured in milliseconds
  跳数以毫秒为单位
• Information that travels along the traceroute is called a packet
  沿跟踪路由传播的信息称为数据包

If a traceroute cannot access a computer, it will display “Request timed out.” Each hop column for computers that couldn't be accessed will display an asterisk instead of a millisecond count.

如果跟踪路由无法访问计算机，它将显示“请求超时”。 对于无法访问的计算机，每个跃点列将显示一个星号，而不是毫秒数。

用法 (Usage)

Most implementations of traceroute allow the user to specify the number of queries to send each hop, the time to wait for each response, the port to use, and so on.

traceroute大多数实现都允许用户指定发送每个跃点的查询数，等待每个响应的时间，要使用的端口等。

Here's a simple example on Linux:

这是Linux上的一个简单示例：

[[email protected] ~]#  traceroute -w 3 -q 1 -m 16 www.google.com
traceroute to www.google.com (216.58.200.36), 16 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  192.168.4.2 (192.168.4.2)  0.136 ms
 2  *
 3  *
 4  *
 5  *
 6  *
 7  *
 8  *
 9  *
10  *
11  *
12  *
13  *
14  *
15  *
16  *

In the example above, the selected options are to wait for three seconds (instead of five), send out only one query to each hop (instead of three), limit the maximum number of hops to 16 before giving up (instead of 30), with www.google.com as the final host.

在上面的示例中，选定的选项是等待三秒钟(而不是五秒)，对每个跃点仅发送一个查询(而不是三跳)，在放弃之前将最大跃点数限制为16(而不是30) ，并以www.google.com作为最终主机。

This can help identify incorrect routing table definitions or firewalls that may be blocking ICMP traffic, or high port UDP in Unix ping, to a site. Note that a firewall may permit ICMP packets but not permit packets of other protocols.

这可以帮助识别不正确的路由表定义或防火墙，这些定义或防火墙可能会阻止ICMP通信或Unix ping中的高端口UDP到达站点。 请注意，防火墙可能允许ICMP数据包，但不允许其他协议的数据包。

IP子网计算器 (IP Subnet Calculator)

While not strictly related to traceroutes, an IP subnet calculator is a useful tool when running network diagnostics.

虽然IP子网计算器与跟踪路由并不严格相关，但它在运行网络诊断时是一个有用的工具。

IP Subnet Calculators help to divide IP Networks into subnetworks by calculating appropriate network addresses, subnet masks, broadcast addresses, and host IP ranges. For simple networks (like a home LAN), it may be very easy to identify the appropriate values, but for more complex subnetting, an IP Subnet Calculator is an excellent tool.

IP子网计算器通过计算适当的网络地址，子网掩码，广播地址和主机IP范围，帮助将IP网络划分为子网。 对于简单的网络(例如家庭LAN)，可能很容易识别适当的值，但是对于更复杂的子网划分，IP子网计算器是一个很好的工具。

Here are a few online IP Subnet Calculators:

以下是一些在线IP子网计算器：

• https://www.calculator.net/ip-subnet-calculator.html

  https://www.calculator.net/ip-subnet-calculator.html

• https://www.subnetonline.com/pages/subnet-calculators/ip-subnet-calculator.php

  https://www.subnetonline.com/pages/subnet-calculators/ip-subnet-calculator.php

• https://www.tunnelsup.com/subnet-calculator/

  https://www.tunnelsup.com/subnet-calculator/

翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/computer-networking-traceroute-explained/