1 VirtualMemory

VirtualMemory是通过mmap申请一块内存，然后进行管理。

class VirtualMemory {
    
 public:
  // Reserves virtual memory with size. address_hint代表用户想映射的地址
  VirtualMemory(size_t size, void* address_hint = 0);
  ~VirtualMemory();

  // Returns whether the memory has been reserved.
  bool IsReserved();

  // Returns the start address of the reserved memory.
  void* address() {
    
    ASSERT(IsReserved());
    return address_;
  };

  // Returns the size of the reserved memory.
  size_t size() {
     return size_; }

  // Commits real memory. Returns whether the operation succeeded.
  bool Commit(void* address, size_t size);

  // Uncommit real memory.  Returns whether the operation succeeded.
  bool Uncommit(void* address, size_t size);

 private:
  // 管理的内存首地址，由mmap返回，用户可以自定义
  void* address_;  // Start address of the virtual memory.
  // 管理的内存大小
  size_t size_;  // Size of the virtual memory.
};

// Constants used for mmap.
static const int kMmapFd = -1;
static const int kMmapFdOffset = 0;


VirtualMemory::VirtualMemory(size_t size, void* address_hint) {
    
  // 映射一块内存，不能访问，私有的，不映射到文件，写的时候如果没有物理内存则报错
  address_ = mmap(address_hint, size, PROT_NONE,
                  MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_NORESERVE,
                  kMmapFd, kMmapFdOffset);
  size_ = size;
}


VirtualMemory::~VirtualMemory() {
    
  // 已经分配了虚拟内存则释放
  if (IsReserved()) {
    
    if (0 == munmap(address(), size())) address_ = MAP_FAILED;
  }
}

// 是否分配了虚拟内存
bool VirtualMemory::IsReserved() {
    
  return address_ != MAP_FAILED;
}

// 
bool VirtualMemory::Commit(void* address, size_t size) {
    
  // 修改一块虚拟内存的属性，MAP_FIXED说明分配的地址一定是address，而不能由操作系统自己选择，这里是修改属性，所以地址要固定。因为这块内存已经申请过了
  if (MAP_FAILED == mmap(address, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
                         MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED,
                         kMmapFd, kMmapFdOffset)) {
    
    return false;
  }

  UpdateAllocatedSpaceLimits(address, size);
  return true;
}

// 修改某块虚拟内存的属性，变成不可访问
bool VirtualMemory::Uncommit(void* address, size_t size) {
    
  return mmap(address, size, PROT_NONE,
              MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_NORESERVE,
              kMmapFd, kMmapFdOffset) != MAP_FAILED;
}

2 线程辅助类

PlatformData 是管理线程中，不同系统中的数据。这里只看linux系统。只保存了线程id。

class ThreadHandle::PlatformData : public Malloced {
    
 public:
  explicit PlatformData(ThreadHandle::Kind kind) {
    
    Initialize(kind);
  }

  void Initialize(ThreadHandle::Kind kind) {
    
    switch (kind) {
    
      case ThreadHandle::SELF: thread_ = pthread_self(); break;
      case ThreadHandle::INVALID: thread_ = kNoThread; break;
    }
  }
  pthread_t thread_;  // Thread handle for pthread.
};

ThreadHandle是对PlatformData的封装。

ThreadHandle::ThreadHandle(Kind kind) {
    
  data_ = new PlatformData(kind);
}


void ThreadHandle::Initialize(ThreadHandle::Kind kind) {
    
  data_->Initialize(kind);
}


ThreadHandle::~ThreadHandle() {
    
  delete data_;
}


bool ThreadHandle::IsSelf() const {
    
  // 当前执行的线程是不是管理的线程
  return pthread_equal(data_->thread_, pthread_self());
}


bool ThreadHandle::IsValid() const {
    
  return data_->thread_ != kNoThread;
}

3 Thread

// Thread
//
// Thread objects are used for creating and running threads. When the start()
// method is called the new thread starts running the run() method in the new
// thread. The Thread object should not be deallocated before the thread has
// terminated.

class Thread: public ThreadHandle {
    
 public:
  // Opaque data type for thread-local storage keys.
  enum LocalStorageKey {
    };

  // Create new thread.
  Thread();
  virtual ~Thread();

  // Start new thread by calling the Run() method in the new thread.
  void Start();

  // Wait until thread terminates.
  void Join();

  // Abstract method for run handler.
  virtual void Run() = 0;

  // Thread-local storage.
  static LocalStorageKey CreateThreadLocalKey();
  static void DeleteThreadLocalKey(LocalStorageKey key);
  static void* GetThreadLocal(LocalStorageKey key);
  static void SetThreadLocal(LocalStorageKey key, void* value);

  // A hint to the scheduler to let another thread run.
  static void YieldCPU();

 private:
  class PlatformData;
  PlatformData* data_;
  DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(Thread);
};

Thread::Thread() : ThreadHandle(ThreadHandle::INVALID) {
    
}


Thread::~Thread() {
    
}

// arg是this指针，见Start函数
static void* ThreadEntry(void* arg) {
    
  Thread* thread = reinterpret_cast<Thread*>(arg);
  // This is also initialized by the first argument to pthread_create() but we
  // don't know which thread will run first (the original thread or the new
  // one) so we initialize it here too.
  /*
    这里也设置一下线程id，因为如果新建完线程后，是新建的线程先执行，
    这时候pthread_create还没有给thread_赋值,然后在执行Run的时候如果使用thread_就有问题，还是空的
  */
  thread->thread_handle_data()->thread_ = pthread_self();
  ASSERT(thread->IsValid());
  // 子类需要实现的函数
  thread->Run();
  return NULL;
}


void Thread::Start() {
    
  // 创建一个线程，执行ThreadEntry函数，把线程id保存在thread_
  pthread_create(&thread_handle_data()->thread_, NULL, ThreadEntry, this);
  ASSERT(IsValid());
}

// 挂起，等待线程thread_结束
void Thread::Join() {
    
  pthread_join(thread_handle_data()->thread_, NULL);
}

// 创建一个用于线程保存数据kv结构体。保存返回的key，通过key可以访问value
Thread::LocalStorageKey Thread::CreateThreadLocalKey() {
    
  pthread_key_t key;
  int result = pthread_key_create(&key, NULL);
  USE(result);
  ASSERT(result == 0);
  return static_cast<LocalStorageKey>(key);
}

// 删除线程的数据
void Thread::DeleteThreadLocalKey(LocalStorageKey key) {
    
  pthread_key_t pthread_key = static_cast<pthread_key_t>(key);
  int result = pthread_key_delete(pthread_key);
  USE(result);
  ASSERT(result == 0);
}

// 通过key获取数据
void* Thread::GetThreadLocal(LocalStorageKey key) {
    
  pthread_key_t pthread_key = static_cast<pthread_key_t>(key);
  return pthread_getspecific(pthread_key);
}

// 通过key写入数据
void Thread::SetThreadLocal(LocalStorageKey key, void* value) {
    
  pthread_key_t pthread_key = static_cast<pthread_key_t>(key);
  pthread_setspecific(pthread_key, value);
}

// 让优先级比自己高或者等于自己的线程执行，如果没有，则自己继续执行 
void Thread::YieldCPU() {
    
  sched_yield();
}

4 互斥变量Mutex

Mutex是基类，具体实现在子类。

class Mutex {
    
 public:
  virtual ~Mutex() {
    }

  // Locks the given mutex. If the mutex is currently unlocked, it becomes
  // locked and owned by the calling thread, and immediately. If the mutex
  // is already locked by another thread, suspends the calling thread until
  // the mutex is unlocked.
  virtual int Lock() = 0;

  // Unlocks the given mutex. The mutex is assumed to be locked and owned by
  // the calling thread on entrance.
  virtual int Unlock() = 0;
};

LinuxMutex 是对linux下线程的封装。

class LinuxMutex : public Mutex {
    
 public:

  LinuxMutex() {
    
    pthread_mutexattr_t attrs;
    // 初始化属性结构体，用于设置互斥的一些属性，或者说策略
    int result = pthread_mutexattr_init(&attrs);
    ASSERT(result == 0);
    // 设置加锁类型，支持一个线程多次（递归）获得一个锁
    result = pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attrs, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
    ASSERT(result == 0);
    // 初始化互斥变量
    result = pthread_mutex_init(&mutex_, &attrs);
    ASSERT(result == 0);
  }

  virtual ~LinuxMutex() {
     pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex_); }
  // 对linx线程的封装
  virtual int Lock() {
    
    int result = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex_);
    return result;
  }

  virtual int Unlock() {
    
    int result = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex_);
    return result;
  }

 private:
  pthread_mutex_t mutex_;   // Pthread mutex for POSIX platforms.
};

5 Semaphore

// Semaphore
//
// A semaphore object is a synchronization object that maintains a count. The
// count is decremented each time a thread completes a wait for the semaphore
// object and incremented each time a thread signals the semaphore. When the
// count reaches zero,  threads waiting for the semaphore blocks until the
// count becomes non-zero.

class Semaphore {
    
 public:
  virtual ~Semaphore() {
    }

  // Suspends the calling thread until the counter is non zero
  // and then decrements the semaphore counter.
  virtual void Wait() = 0;

  // Increments the semaphore counter.
  virtual void Signal() = 0;
};

class LinuxSemaphore : public Semaphore {
    
 public:
  // 初始化信号量，资源数是count个
  explicit LinuxSemaphore(int count) {
      sem_init(&sem_, 0, count); }
  virtual ~LinuxSemaphore() {
     sem_destroy(&sem_); }
  // 没有可用资源，需要等待
  virtual void Wait() {
     sem_wait(&sem_); }
  // 多一个可用资源，如果有线程等待，则会被唤醒
  virtual void Signal() {
     sem_post(&sem_); }

 private:
  // linux信号量结构体
  sem_t sem_;
};